ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Analizar los cambios que se producen en el patrón de consumo de tabaco de estudiantes de la Universidad Pública de Navarra, en el tercer curso de titulación versus el primero. Metodología: Estudio de cohorte descriptivo-observacional. Se autoaplicó un cuestionario, con preguntas sobre el consumo de tabaco. La utilización de una clave elaborada por el propio estudiante permitió enlazar los cuestionarios en los dos momentos del estudio, para asegurar la confidencialidad de los datos. Para el análisis estadístico de los datos se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS v21.0. Resultados: La cohorte la constituyeron 245 estudiantes: el 64,1% eran mujeres (n = 157), y el 35,9%, hombres (n = 88). El porcentaje de fumadores a diario descendió de un 24,5% en primer curso a un 23,7% en tercero, así como el porcentaje de fumadores ocasionales (de 21,6% a 20,8%). Sin embargo, el consumo medio de cigarrillos diario entre los fumadores aumentó de 10,30% a 11,02%. En las mujeres se observó la misma tendencia de cambio que en la media general: 2,8% el descenso de las fumadoras a diario y 1% las fumadoras ocasionales. Entre tanto, en los hombres aumentó el porcentaje de fumadores a diario (1,2%) y el de fumadores ocasionales (1,10%), así como el número medio de cigarrillos consumidos al día que se aumenta en 2,6. Conclusiones: Un alto porcentaje de estudiantes mantiene la frecuencia de consumo de tabaco durante la vida universitaria, que resultan porcentajes similares entre los que modifican su hábito aumentando o disminuyendo la frecuencia de consumo.
Objective: To analyze the change in the tobacco consumption of the university students during their university studies. Methodology: A descriptive cohort study of university students followed from the first to third year. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to the students. The use of a key generated by the student questionnaires allowed linking the two stages of the study, ensuring the confidentiality of data. A statistical package SPSS v210 was used for the statistical analysis of data. Results: The cohort consisting of 245 students, with 64.1% of female (n=157) and 35.9% male (n=88). The percentage of daily smokers decreased from 24.5% in the first year to 23.7% in the third, and the percentage of occasional smokers (from 21.6% to 20.8%). However, the average daily consumption of cigarettes among smokers increased from 10.30% to 11.02%. In women, the same trend of change in the overall average being 2.8% declining daily smokers and 1.0% the casual smokers was observed. However in men the percentage of daily smokers increased (1.2%) and occasional smokers (1.10%) and the average number of cigarettes smoked per day increases by 2.6. Conclusions: A high percentage of students support the frequency of consumption of tobacco during the university life, turning out to be similar percentages between those who modify smoking increasing or decreasing the frequency of consumption.
Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as mudanças que ocorrem no padrão de consumo de tabaco por estudantes universitários no terceiro ano de estudo em relação ao primeiro ano. Metodologia: Estudo de coorte descritivo de uma coorte de estudantes universitários seguiu para o primeiro e terceiro ano os alunos. Autocuplimentación questionário com perguntas sobre o consumo de tabaco foi aprovada. O uso de uma chave gerada pelos questionários dos alunos autorizados a ligar as duas etapas do estudo, garantindo a confidencialidade dos dados. Para a análise estatística do pacote estatístico SPSSS dados v21.0 foi usado. Resultado: A coorte constituída 245 alunos, com 64,1% de participantes do sexo feminino (n = 157) e 35,9% do sexo masculino (n = 88). O percentual de fumantes diários diminuiu de 24,5% no primeiro ano para 23,7% no terceiro, eo percentual de fumantes ocasionais (de 21,6% para 20,8%). No entanto, o consumo médio diário de cigarros entre os fumantes aumentou 10,30%- 11,02%. Nas mulheres, a mesma tendência de mudança na média geral sendo 2,8% de declínio fumantes diários e 1% dos fumantes ocasionais foi observada. No entanto, em homens, aumentou o percentual de fumantes diários (1,2%) e fumantes ocasionais (1,10%) e do número médio de cigarros fumados por dia aumenta em 2.6. Conclusões: Uma elevada percentagem de estudantes mantém a frequência de consumo de tabaco durante a vida da faculdade, resultando em taxas similares entre aqueles que mudam de hábito, aumentando ou diminuindo a frequência de consumo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Smoking , Students , Health Promotion , Life StyleABSTRACT
The study of cause of death certification remains a largely neglected field in many developing countries; including Ghana. Yet; mortality information is crucial for establishing mortality patterns over time and for estimating mortality attributed to specific causes. In Ghana; in deaths occurring in homes and those occurring within 48 hours after admission into health facilities; autopsies remain the appropriate option for determining the cause of death. Although these organ-based autopsies may generate convincing results and are considered the `gold standard' tools for ascertainments of causes of death; procedural and practical constraints could limit the extent to which autopsy results can be accepted and/or trusted. The objective of our study was to identify and characterise the procedural and practical constraints as well as to assess their potential effects on autopsy outcomes in Ghana. We interviewed 10 Ghanaian pathologists and collected and evaluated procedural manuals and operational procedures for the conduct of autopsies. A characterisation of the operational constraints and the Delphi analysis of their potential influence on the quality of mortality data led to a quantification of the validity threats as moderate (average expert panel score = 1) in the generality of the autopsy operations in Ghana. On the basis of the impressions of the expert panel; it was concluded that mortality data generated from autopsies in urban settings in Ghana were of sufficiently high quality to guarantee valid use in health analysis
Subject(s)
Autopsy/methods , Autopsy/mortality , Cause of Death , Health FacilitiesABSTRACT
Vital registration systems (VRS) are important in the collection of routine data on indicators of development. These are particularly useful if they are properly built to address weaknesses in the system leading to poor data quality. For instance; routine data on health events (e.g. morbidity; mortality etc.) are crucial for rapid assessment of disease burden and mortality trends in the population. They are also useful in the identification of vulnerable groups in populations. Despite their usefulness; VRS in many developing countries including Ghana are poorly structured raising questions about the quality of the output data from these systems. The present study aimed at assessing and documenting the structure and function of the VRS in Ghana; as well as at identifying the structural features that potentially compromise the reliability and validity of the output data the system. To perform this study; collection and review of policy and legal documents establishing the VRS; documentation and evaluation of component structures of the system; assessment of procedural protocols guiding data collection processes and in-depth interviews with staff at the Ghana Births and Deaths Registry were performed. The assessment of the structure of the Ghana VRS; policy documents setting it up and the operational procedures reveals important lapses (e.g. presence of outmoded practices; imperfections in Births and Deaths Registry Act; 1965; Act 301 and imperfect system design) in the system that could compromise validity and reliability of the data generated from the registration in Ghana